Learning Style Inventory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Learning Style Inventory - Essay Example My accomplishment style shows itself through my faith in giving and requesting legitimate criticism, my pledge to improving things, and an emphasis on accomplishing astounding principles. At last, my capacity style shows through my inclination to be oppressive, as opposed to controlling, my forceful mentality, and the propensity to feel compromised by anybody I see to subvert my position. I think my constraining style is my capacity style, which has expanded my propensity to relate what I am worth at the working environment with the amount I can rule and control others. One conduct that I might want to change in this style is my inclination to be domineering, where I might want to be all the more directing and sustaining as a supervisor, which will permit me to have a superior relationship with my laborers and subordinates.Impact on Management Style My individual reasoning styles forecast a significant effect on my style as an administrator. I scored exceptionally in my self-comple ting characteristics. In my own life, I will in general live for and by the occasion. In my working environment, I locate that every one of my coworkers are liable for what they do, and to get their objectives we as a whole should be answerable for our activities. I likewise endeavor to act naturally creating and have a desire to continue learning. This is a significant point of view in my work in the executives since I can allocate my group undertakings that depend on expectations to absorb information. At the point when I see a colleague who needs another expertise, I utilize the chance to better their encounters. In sorting out terms., I can choose the best group for fulfillment of the assignment. I am likewise ready to separate the characteristics every part displays and how it explicitly fits inside the assignment. With respect to authority, I feel that I can lead the group if there should be an occurrence of deterrents while I am additionally tolerating their defects and make endeavors to work around these issues. The way that I have a high score in accomplishment demonstrates that I can show activity in affecting changes. I feel ready to start a renewal to improve the team’s proficiency. With respect to arranging, I am ready to lead in making appropriate changes. I additionally can arrange different undertakings dependent on things that should be done under my direction and as indicated by all accounts. After some time, I additionally feel that I have progressively tolerant, which has decreased my inclination to make out of reach objectives and measures for my colleagues. While I am accessible to demonstrate them the things that should be done as a pioneer, I additionally anticipate that them should do their part in their assignments. Beginning of Personal Style I accept that my childhood has majorly affected my own styles. For example, my folks were controlling and requesting. Growing up, I was constantly required and expected to do a thing right or not endeavor to do it in any case, which made me into continually looking for be in charge and have power in order to ensure I had the capacity to do things right. My dad was never especially happy with most things I did, which was additionally liable for my extremely significant need to accomplish. I

God’s lift is out of order Essay

How is it to be deserted by somebody near you? Wherever you will discover individuals who have lost someone close to them †it is just normal. In any case, what makes an individual need to free their own life? Life isn't in every case simple to be a piece of and some decide to leave by ending it all without pondering the individuals who are near them. Maybe self destruction appears the best way to take care of someone’s issues, yet it is a childish demonstration and it is the individuals deserted who are languishing. In the short story by Karen McCarthy â€Å"God’s lift is out of order† we found out about these issues. The main individual storyteller of the story is a young lady, a dark young lady from Jamaica who lives in England. She has a beau, Ed, what her identity is infatuated with, yet despite the fact that he is referenced in the story, we don't hear much about him. The story bases on an entire other man named Aaron, who is a companion of the female storyteller. Her story starts with a fantasy. It is a fantasy about this Aaron, who we later catch wind of concerning a few things both of them have done together. In the wake of having had this fantasy she can't quit contemplating Aaron and around fourteen days after on Christmas Eve the storyteller is preparing for a major birthday celebration. This is the point at which she unintentionally finds a Valentine’s day card from Aaron, yet doesn't have the opportunity to understand it. Moving forward without any more notification she doesn't understand that Aaron likely was thinking about her as something other than a dear companion †he could be enamored with her, yet wouldn't like to meddle with what she has with Ed, so he remains quiet about his emotions. Later showing up at the gathering she meets Kevin, who inquires as to whether she has heard what befallen Aaron. Kevin, not understanding that the storyteller knows nothing, discloses to her that Aaron has ended it all. The young lady is left in stun and can't move. All through the story we catch wind of Aaron and the young lady. A specific scene at a medical clinic merits referencing. Here they frequently proceed to have a cup of hot cocoa before returning home, however as of now the lifts are not working. Above them a sign peruses â€Å"Goods lift is out of order† which the primary character erroneously peruses as â€Å"God’s lift is out of order†. This circumstance concerning Aaron’s self destruction gives the title of the story. The way that God’s lift is faulty concurs with Aaron’s early passing. He bites the dust too youthful in view of a ‘mix-up’ in God’s request. Toward the finish of the story the principle character goes to the gathering prior referenced, where she hears what has befallen Aaron. She is by all accounts feeling regretful, particularly due to what happened the last time she conversed with him and stated: â€Å"mum ought to never have given you this number and don’t call here again† (p. 3, l. 120) She presently knows precisely why things finished as they did. Furthermore, truly she really didn't mean the things she stated, she truly missed him. Her response towards these information’s shows that she valued the kinship of Aaron’s, yet additionally that she may have had an inclination that Aaron needed something other than companionship with her and along these lines attempted to keep a separation. From one viewpoint in light of her relationship with Ed, yet then again she additionally realizes that Aaron has gone excessively far with his medication misuse. The fundamental topics in this story are hunch and the sentiment of disappointment. The fantasy we catch wind of in the start of the story is set as a notice to the principle character and subsequently she continues pondering Aaron. She sees him tumble to his passing while shouting out her name and she awakens getting out his. In any case, as some other she just considers it to be a bad dream and not as a terrible sign. You can think about the sign â€Å"God’s lift is out of order† as a clue to. As referenced before it speaks to the misleading quality of Aaron’s demise †he passes on excessively youthful. Also, had the storyteller just read the Valentine’s card from Aaron, when she got it, she may have had the option to keep him from executing himself. Conversing with Aaron on the telephone at the episode portrayed before causes her to feel awful, yet not close to as much as she does after his demise. The things she let him know were the final words he got notification from her. There is no more terrible sentiment of disappointment than letting somebody bite the dust without telling them how you truly feel about them. The way that she let Aaron pass on believing that she loathed him and never needed to converse with him again is in all probability horrendous and she laments not having disclosed to him the amount she might want to have kept him in her life. â€Å"Not Waving yet Drowning† is a sonnet composed by Steve Smith about a man who is muffling while at the same time sobbing for help. It is an extremely dim sonnet and it can remain for instance for Aaron’s circumstance. Gradually the medications are slaughtering him and the primary character doesn't hear his sob for help. He feels as though he is being overlooked by his closest companion and the lady he is infatuated with, yet she doesn't have the foggiest idea about that he is discouraged and has not perceived his weep for help: â€Å"I was a lot farther than you thought† (l. 3) After the passing of Aaron the principle character feels a lot of blame and pity which the photograph by Mick E. Westerlund communicates well. She is strolling alone in dim environmental factors demonstrating a great deal of trouble and weight. The manner in which she is strolling and the sentiment of blame the principle character has means this young lady who is strolling through a door as though finishing a part in her life. The loss of Aaron is harmful and despite the fact that it isn't her issue she comes to accuse his demise for herself. Whatever reason is given for ending it all it can't be advocated. There are consistently individuals who get injured and not just the one doing it. The individuals abandoned are the ones hit the most noticeably awful. In any case, these individuals don't understand that there is a superior way out, that whatever difficult one may have they can be illuminated distinctively if just investing sufficient effort. 2. Give a short record (200-300 expressions) of the gadgets utilized en Edward Munch’s painting The Scream and contrast it with Mick Westerlund’s photograph. The Norwegian craftsman Edward Munch painted the world known work of art â€Å"The Scream† in 1893. It is an expressionistic oil painting that revolves around a shouting individual. Utilizing emotional lines out of sight attracts consideration further to the shouting individual who is in direct center along these lines. Additionally that the perspective is nearly in human point of view establishes a more grounded connection. The utilization of warm hues in the sky interestingly with darker somewhat blue hues gives a sensational impact. Contrasting the composition with the photograph by Mick E. Westerlund is troublesome in light of the various gadgets utilized in these two pictures. â€Å"The Scream† by Edward Munch is a painting while Mick E. Westerlund’s is a photo. To make the impact as wanted he utilizes just highly contrasting hues. So the main genuine correlation between the two pictures is the viewpoint of a human perspective and that the individual in the two pictures wear dull, if not dark, garments. In â€Å"The Scream† it represents the confusion and disappointment the individual is by all accounts feeling and in the photograph it identifies with some place of a closure for the young lady strolling through the door.

On abnormality

On abnormality I was reading back over the last two entries and realized I may have made myself sound somewhat normal, as people go (other than saying that biology research is one of the loves of my life). So I decided to devote this entry to a small subset of the ways in which I am either unique (if youre my mother) or weird (if youre the rest of the general public). First and definitely foremost. I like to make lists. And spreadsheets. And graphs. If it can be made into an Excel spreadsheet, I have not only made it into an Excel spreadsheet, I have also converted it to Adobe PDF and stored it in my Athena locker. One of my more notorious quirks is that I keep my sleep statistics in a set of Excel files. Every morning when I wake up, I record the time I fell asleep and the time I woke up, as well as the times of any naps I may have taken; every few weeks, I add that data to the statistics file, where I analyze it by type of day (schoolday, non-schoolday, or workday) and by year (freshman, sophomore, junior). It will probably not shock you to hear that, after much detailed statistical analysis, I discovered that I sleep more on the weekends than I do on schooldays. My Athena locker also contains my schedule for this past spring term. I need to keep this in easily accessible form because I am extremely absentminded and occasionally forget which day of the week it is. I was always like this as a child, although MIT has exacerbated my tendencies to record and graph random bits of information about my life. When I was little, I used to always get a 96-box of Crayola crayons for the first day of school (you know, the ones that came with the crayon sharpener in the back?) and then I would carefully organize them so they were in rainbow order, with all the reds in one box, the oranges next to them I suppose the weirdest and most anal thing of all is that I have compiled all of my oddities into a single webpage. (Its kind of like a hall of mirrors its odd that I record all of my oddities about recording things) Im sure Ive freaked everyone out enough for one day, so Ill stop there. ;)

Romeo and Juliet Effects of Censorship - 2175 Words

Romeo and Juliet has always been one of Shakespeares most popular plays (Bryant xxiii) This play, like Shakespeares other works, is a tribute to his discernment of the human soul (Lipson and Lipson 1). The Elizabethan people of that time saw in the drama a reflection of their own life and experience. It’s appearance, then, was human rather than analytical or educational. Romeo and Juliet is one of the worlds greatest plays because Romeo and Juliet are what Shakespeare has made them Lipson and Lipson 11). Shakespeares works depend on language. One of the most important dimensions of Shakespeares language is imagery. Through the use of metaphors, similes, symbols, passages of heightened natural description, Shakespeares writing,†¦show more content†¦Presenting a certain age group with an abridged version protects that age group (and even the teacher) from morally objectionable material, however, it seems that this not only distorts what the writer (in this case, Shakesp eare) originally intended, but it also treats what once existed as nonexistent. Shakespeare knew the human mind, and its most minute and intimate workings, and he never introduces a word, or a thought, in vain or out of place...He never wrote at random, or hit upon points of character and conduct by chance; and the smallest fragment of his mind not unfrequently gives a clue to the most perfect, regular, and consistent whole (Coleridge 183). In many respects, the imagery or dramatic irony aspects, the graphic, figurative, rich language that Shakespeare is so noted for is lost. The preciousness of youth remains untouched by the hands of a genius. Fundamental writing principles of contrasting characters such as Mercutios wit to Romeos can never be explored or examined and are sacrificed for the sake of innocence. Perhaps one might think that the above examples are trivial in tampering with the true meaning Shakespeare had in mind. Another example will bring us to Act One, Scene 3. This scene (according to the abridged version), introduces us to Juliet, her mother, and the nurse: NURSE: Of all the days of theShow MoreRelatedEssay on Music Censorship880 Words   |  4 PagesMusic Censorship The tall, lanky fifteen-year-old ambled slowly up to the counter and tossed his music selection toward the clerk. The salesman began to ring the sale up in his routine manner, but just then something caught his eye. It was a small black sticker on the corner of the CD. This sticker plainly read explicit lyrics. As the teenager fumbled through his pockets searching for a method of payment, the clerk gave him a questioning glance. Could I see some identification pleaseRead MoreThe Negative Effects of Censorship3189 Words   |  13 Pagesdemocrats, and free-speech thinkers hold the claim that censorship violates our so-called unalienable rights, as it has been proven throughout many court cases. Censorship in the United States is detrimental because it has drastically and negatively altered many significant events. Censorship allows governments more control of society than they already have, slowly progressing governments utilizing censorship to a dictatorship. Often times, this censorship can lead to immense rebellions. A good exampleRead MoreRay Bradbury s Fahrenheit 4514443 Words   |  18 PagesHer Before? Intertextuality is the interrelationship of different texts and works of literature and how each text is shaped by another. A good example of how texts are created from the ideas and events of other texts is Shakespeare’s tragedy, Romeo and Juliet. The two fall in love, but cannot be together because of their feuding families. The ideas of love at first sight and forbidden love have inspired many young adult books. In Suzanne Collin’s The Hunger Games series, Katniss and Peeta are forcedRead More Censorship in Schools Essay3746 Words   |  15 PagesCensorship in Schools There has recently been a renewed interest and passion in the issue of censorship. In the realm of the censorship of books in schools alone, several hundred cases have surfaced each year for nearly the past decade. Controversies over which books to include in the high school English curriculum present a clash of values between teachers, school systems, and parents over what is appropriate for and meaningful to students. 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The rhyme scheme of this sonnet goes as follows: ABA/BCB/CDC/DED/EE. In the last stanza Frost does something genius, he ends the terza rima simultaneously as he ends his sonnet. Frost doesn’t just use this rhyme scheme because he wantsRead MoreThe Rise Of The Elizabethan Theatre1846 Words   |  8 Pageswestern storytelling as the Elizabethan era: an era which sparked exponential growth that would be built upon for centuries to come. Since its very beginning, Elizabethan Theatre has had a marvelous impact on the lives of everyone it touched, with effects that can be seen to this day. The Rise of the Theatre The great Elizabethan Theatre, as many great things do, began small -- so small, in fact, that actors were hardly revered. They made their debut as simple men of entertainment who, whether inRead MoreAnalysis Of Dmitri Shostakovich And Sergei Prokofiev2012 Words   |  9 Pagesexample of this setback is evident in the reaction to his ballet Romeo and Juliet, his first official Soviet work. The Bolshoi ballet claimed that it was â€Å"undanceable† and Soviet officials claimed about his work â€Å"betraying Shakespeare† due to the happy ending (Ross 264). This humiliation, caused by bad reviews by party officials, seemed to be common for composers within Soviet Russia. Artists with too much independence were subject to censorship, vilification, and even death. This sense of humility wasRead MoreAnalysis Of Huxley s Brave New World Essay4045 Words   |  17 Pagesthese aspects into his novel where the Controllers misuse this information to oppress the people in his nove l. Totalitarianism was also a real upcoming issue as Hitler, Mussolini, Stalin, and Mao Tse-Dong strive for absolute control and power by censorship and mass murder. Plot Summary: The novel starts off in the Central London Hatching and Conditioning Centre where the Director and Foster are giving a tour to a group of boys. There they learn about certain processes that allow the Hatchery to produce

History Of Civil Engineering And Development Of Sanitary...

Name Institution Course: Instructor Date of Submission History of Civil Engineering 1. Hiram F. Mills (1836 - 1921) Hiram Mills is considered to have pioneered the development of sanitary engineering (Calvo 1). During his time, he served as one of the chief engineers who made improvements in water quality by employing a broad array of water engineering concepts ranging from filtration to treatment. On the river banks of Merrimack, Mills succeed in developing the first slow-sand filtration system. He demonstrated how the proposed technology could be used to eliminate bacteria from drinking water. In 1975, a national historic civil engineering landmark based on Mill’s work was designated at Lawrence’s experiment station. 2. Hancock Towers Hancock Towers is a 334-m (1,127-foot), 100-storey super skyscraper that rests on 875 Avenue of North Michigan in Chicago, United States. The structural engineer involved in the design of the skyscraper was Fazlur Khan while Bruce Graham served as the chief designer. The construction phase was supervised jointly by Owings, Skidmore, and Merrill. After the project was declared complete on May 6, 1968, the structure became the second tallest building in the world. In their article, David and Catherine (16), observed that the building houses restaurants and offices in addition to about 700 condominiums. Hancock Towers relates to the history of civil engineering because its construction involved professionals who are chiefly consulted in theShow MoreRelatedThe City Where Municipal Services Will Subsidize Or Install Them1481 Words   |  6 Pagesdeveloped in comparison with what flows through every city and lies beneath us every day. The sewage system and water distribution, perhaps one of the most venerable of city infrastructure. 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In 1842 evidence was found environmental factors linking together, of environmental factors such as poverty and ill health. This was then supported by medical and civil engineering advice, which ledRead MoreChallenges for Urban Local Governments in India46115 Words   |  185 Pages(ARC) London School of Economics Political Science Houghton Street London WC2A 2AE www.lse.ac.uk/collections/asiaResearchCentre Abstract Urban local government institutions/municipalities are constituted for the maintenance and planned development of urban areas. The objective is to ensure that suitable levels of infrastructure and services are available to the citizens. In many parts of India, the quality of life in urban areas is miserable and the citizens lead a difficult life. To overcome

“My Personal Tutor” A Software For Children Free Essays

Choosing educational software for children is certainly not an easy task. Because so many options are available, it is easy to be overwhelmed by all the vividly colored packages, the intriguing characters, and fantastic claims of academic enhancements. How in the world does one actually choose? Fortunately, all is not lost. We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"My Personal Tutor† : A Software For Children or any similar topic only for you Order Now A software package is available, which truly encompasses those qualities, and does so without assaulting the purchaser†s pocketbook. My Personal Tutor by Microsoft, is a budget sensitive, educational enhancement package for children, with exciting graphics and an incredible academic framework. For this reason, a recent review of this program stated that â€Å"Microsoft has made a great contribution to children†s learning† (Dr. Toy). In fact, My Personal Tutor is the best choice of children†s educational software. The activities in My Personal Tutor facilitate learning in vital academic disciplines. Because of the technological advancement of our society, today†s students require more strength in critical thinking, reading, and math skills than ever before. This three CD set is dedicated to enhancing skills in those areas. For example, in Turru†s Sea Quest, the student further develops thinking skills in order to advance through the game format. By solving unfinished sentences, analyzing and completing number or shape patterns, challenging memory with matching, and matching analog compared to digital time, the child assists Captain Scratch in setting free the endangered sea creatures. In another CD, Sam†s Hide Seek, the child strengthens reading skills in a virtual museum, with six separate rooms where the child plays interactive word games or reads stories in order to help Sam find his friends. However, the word games are not simple mindless entertainment. For instance, by solving incomplete sentences a story emerges. During this process, an amusing, vividly colored picture is painted depicting the story the child is creating. In another challenging exercise, the student reads stories and answers questions relating to the story content in order to gain points, thereby fostering comprehension. Finally, in a third CD, the child†s world becomes an incredible space station where the goal is to help a new friend, Spy, capture alien stowaways. In Spy†s Space Station, traditional math of the past is transformed into exciting activities, which virtually hold the child hostage with interest. To illustrate, in the Astro Disco, one of the six areas in the space station, the dancers are victims to zero gravity. The student†s job is to fit the helpless dancers with the proper number of gravity boots, so they may come down from the ceiling. Once the task is complete, the appreciative dancers take the floor, performing an exciting dance for their rescuer. In a different area, the student may choose to solve currency equations in order to purchase clothing for the undercover alien police. What†s more, in yet another area, the child recycles space junk by sorting according to greater than, equal to, or less than, in order to make tools needed for the station. Although the academic tutorials within this set are comprehensive and truly without compare, the overall success of this set lies in its ability to captivate and sustain the student†s attention. Through well-designed game objectives, My Personal Tutor generates long term interest. All the activities are designed as a means to an end, regardless of whether that end is setting free endangered sea creatures, finding hidden friends in a museum, or catching alien stowaways on a space station. The goals are met methodically, through a sense of teamwork with the lively characters in their respective worlds. The interactive characters are encouraging throughout the challenge, supporting the player, and encouraging him or her to continue. After the player has met a goal, an exciting celebration takes place. Even more, if the child has permission, he or she can print a colorful picture as a memento of the success. Irrespective of the shower of accolades by children, parents too have many reasons for excitement about this set. Parents can feel confident that the purchase of this set is a cost-effective enhancement to the child†s education, as well as an excellent source of reinforcement for vital social skills. The price of $14. 95, after the rebate, is trivial in comparison to all that is included in this set. In fact, with more than 1000 multimedia tutorials, over 70 learning objectives, adjustable levels of difficulty, and ongoing progress reports (Microsoft Kids), justifying a price of even five times that amount would be easy. However, educational enhancement is not the only quality this set encompasses. Many implicit lessons are delicately woven into the activities. Specifically, setting and methodically working toward a goal. In fact, every activity within this set is goal oriented. In addition, the ideal of working together is effectively designed within all the game formats. In other words, this set truly encompasses the full range of essential skills necessary for success in the first and second grade levels. Therefore, My Personal Tutor surpasses the parent†s expectations for an educational enhancement program. A common goal among parents is that their child be healthy, happy, and ultimately reach his or her maximum potential. It is believed that a sound education will help open doors in order for that dream to become a reality. To that end, parents often devote much time and effort to improving the quality of their child†s education. Therefore, it is understandable for a parent to have high expectations of an educational enhancement program purchased for their child. My Personal Tutor fulfills even the highest of such expectations. My Personal Tutor provides an incredibly comprehensive academic framework, consisting of strengthening exercises in critical thinking, reading, and math skills. These tutorials are skillfully designed in such a manner as to reframe the concept of such disciplines. Through the activities in this set, exercises in math, reading, and critical thinking are transformed from drudgery into a mission filled with fun and excitement, where the child works with others in order to meet a goal. What more could a parent ask for? For this reason, My Personal Tutor by Microsoft is the best choice of children†s educational enhancement software. How to cite â€Å"My Personal Tutor† : A Software For Children, Papers

Knowledge Manegment Systems Essay Example For Students

Knowledge Manegment Systems Essay WEBSTER UNIVERSITY KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS? TIMOTHY W. HYDE COMP 5910 31 Mar 98 TABLE OF CONTENT TABLE OF CONTENT ii INTRODUCTION 1 WHAT IS A KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 1 Technologies 2 WHY USE IT 2 Advantages 2 GOAL 3 SAMPLE PRODUCT 3 WINCITE 5.0 3 INTRASPECT 1.5 4 CHANNELMANAGER 2.0 4 Premise #1 4 Premise #2 4 BACKWEB 4.0 5 CONCLUSION 5 WORK CITED 6 INTRODUCTION In todays information based society, knowledge is power. By knowing theircustomers a business will have the ability to build products coveted by their customers. If a company is to get ahead in business today, they need to have a firm grasp on how toget the best production out of their employees. One way to help employees be all theycan be is to provide them with the tools necessary to do their job. With the explosion ofthe service industry, today more than ever what employees need to do their job isinformation. Information about warehouse and store inventories, hot and cold sellingmerchandise and most importantly inf ormation about the customers they service. Software developers have heeded the call of the corporate leaders and are creatingtechnology to help managers collect the data they need and put it in a useful form. Thispaper will discuss the emerging knowledge management systems being used today, in anattempt to take advantage of the enormous databases which have been created. WHAT IS A KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Knowledge management is at various stages of development in Americanbusinesses. Some companies are just taking their first steps toward identifying andorganizing the components of their information systems. Others have already recruitedknowledge managers and are looking to revamp and improve established system. Thetools a majority of these companies are using in the renovation efforts are knowledgemanagement systems. A knowledge management system is a software tool that is intended to assist,through knowledge processing functions, users who desire to retrieve and manipulateinfor mation for different applications. The various tools of such a framework should helpusers to originate and organize ideas or understand and communicate ideas more easilyand accurately than can be done with most current tools. A knowledge managementsystems is an integrated multifunctional system that can support all main knowledgemanagement and knowledge processing activities. Knowledge management systems are difficult to understand because the businessprocesses it strives to computerize doesnt exist in the real world for most organizations. Unlike replacing a machine such as a typewriter or an office procedure such as documentcontrol, businesses have been trying unsuccessfully throughout the 20th century to makeknowledge management a reality. Excluding those companies whose entire business isknowledge management, theres no obvious, proven model to follow. However,knowledge management can be described by stepping back from technologies andproducts and taking a high-level view of the business issues before jumping intotechnology-based solutions. A Knowledge management system is a program that provides companies the abilityto gather its collective expertise. Valued at $1.5 billion in 1996 and slated to increase to$5 billion annually by 2000, the development of knowledge management systems is bigbusiness. The appeal of knowledge management reaches all types of firms, includingautomakers and consulting firms. With the decentralization of many businesses the focuson knowledge management has increased. Many of todays managers fear that corporateknowledge is being wasted because no one knows what vast knowledge exists. Technologies Involved Knowledge Management software helps support its users in their efforts to collectinformation, to organize it, to collaborate around it, thus allowing a means to search anddiscover knowledge contained in the group memory, so that it can be reapplied orextended, and reused. It does this by using a server to capture information from variouselectronic information sources This allows individuals and groups to capture information,together with its context, into the group memory from which it can be accessed from theusers desktop and across the enterprise. A knowledge management systems are composed of a variety of technologiesincluding; intranets, data warehousing, decision-support tools, and groupware to name afew. About half of the companies recently surveyed by Delphi Consulting are creatingsystems which intranet technology to improve their knowledge management, whileanot her 25 percent plan to do so in the near future. Similarly, one-third of developerssurveyed by Delphi are creating data warehouses, while nearly 25 percent plan inprogress to incorporate data warehouses. Also, one-third are implementingdecision-support tools, while 20 percent plan to. Why Use It The issue of handling the difficulties of managing information is one which anycompany trying to advance in this age of information will have to deal with. Collectingand organizing information just to do your own job can be monumental burden. While theprocess of gathering information can be a great challenge for some organizations. Theenormous growth of information sources makes it even more difficult now for companiesto find the information they need, and once found theres no easy way to capture andorganize it into a business solution and share it among workers. The types of problems knowledge management systems are designed to solveinvolve issues of knowledge acquired through experience wh ich doesnt get reusedbecause it isnt shared in a formal way. Whether its how to avoid duplicating errors, toimprove the distribution of proven best practices, or simply to harness what employeeshave learned about suppliers, customers, or competitors, knowledge managementsystems employ a concept under which information is turned into actionable knowledgeand made available effortlessly in a usable form to the people who can apply it. Sexual Harassment EssayKnowledge management is a way of doing business. The software is used to facilitate thepractice of knowledge management or at least specific facets of it, with the appropriateuse of technology. Advantages Knowledge management systems offer a flexible, user-driven approach toorganizing data in a way that makes it more useful to the company using it. Newmethods for organizing cabinets, folders, discussions, can be easily created and placed inthe information hierarchy, along with the other documents, Web pages, e-mail messages,comments or resources to which the folder is linked. Automatic full-text indexing createsinformation linkages and tracks the who, what, when, where and why, preservinginformation for its users. Knowledge management systems allow users to easily collaborate with each otheracross time and distance, discussing common tasks or interests contained in the groupmemory. Easily created, threaded discussions and comments, together with sharedaccess, allows for users to focus on the tasks at hand. The collaborative interactions andthe information sources of interest are automatically captured and preserved within thecontext of the task. Notifications from subscription agents update users of relevantchanges to information important to themselves and/or the organization. Goal Even though some organizations have successfully developed software that workfor their single vertical market, no one has successfully created a reproducible systemthat others can follow with a reasonable chance of success. The knowledge managementpackages they use have been limited to use in departmental areas such as the help desk. But the ultimate goal management system developers isnt to creating a departmentalisland of success recycling. Its giving the companies the capacity to be more effectivewith the gathering of institutional information and memory the way human beings have thecapacity to become more effective and mature every day with the accumulation ofthoughts and memories. The goal of knowledge management systems is center on gaining the ability to tapinto employee knowledge and to gather data located in numerous databases locatedthroughout the world. The main objective is develop a system that will allow a companyto utilize the vast amounts of data collected in order the company stay ahead ofcompetitors. Knowledge management systems are composed of numeroustechnologies, including decision support tools, data warehousing tools and intranets. SAMPLE PRODUCT WINCITE 5.0 Of the knowledge management systems software in use, Wincite Systems Wincite5.0 is one of the most mature product. Developed over 10 y ears ago Wincites productis designed to manage a shared repository of structured data and deliver it in forms thatsimplify data analysis. The package uses a group model allowing users to add notes withnew updates or other information. Wincite is designed to manage a shared large collection of structured data anddeliver it in forms that easy to analysis and work. Wincite accomplishes this by using agroup model, where putting content into the knowledge base is the work of one or ahandful of managers, but users can suggest additions. Wincite users can add notes withproposed updates or new information. The manager responsible for maintaining theknowledge can easily see these notes and incorporate all or part of them. While thismodel will be sensible for many organizations, the systems two-tier architecture makes itdifficult to break out of the model and create a universal full-client deployment approach. INTRASPECT 1.5 Intraspect Software Inc.s offers one of the best designs forknowledge-management applications. Intraspect Softwares Intraspect 1.5 is designedfor knowledge-management applications. This package develops a group memory bygathering data in maps customized to each end users and communicated throughnetworked files, an intranet or e-mail. The programs design presumes the majority of the people employing the systemare those who will both contribute to the group memory and consume information. It alsoassumes that knowledge is based on the information made actionable by having anappropriate context. The systems peer-to-peer model grants wide authority tocontribute and inform. The benefit of this approach are in its ability to increase thelikelihood that an organization will collect more useful information and the decrease incosts spent on collecting information that doesnt meet the needs of its users. CHANNELMANAGER 2.0 DataChannels ChannelManager 2.0, currently in beta, is a utility suite designed togather content and data from internal and external sources. The product utilizes pushtechnology to get the data to the users. Created with the assumption that the traditionalexecutive information system provided too little, too late for too much money, and thatoverloaded Webmasters couldnt compete with their existing schedule constrains,DataChannel Inc. designed this tool set around two major ideas. Premise #1 DataChannels product presumes that users should not have to be responsible forconverting documents to HTML in order to be shared, thus saving lag time. Premise #2 Secondly it presumes that all files to be shared, internal to the intranet or file system,or external over the Internet, should share a common location description. In this case,each has a URL, even if theyre on the file system. The goal of the ChannelManager 2.0 is not to store information in a centralrepository for record-keeping or historical use, but to turn available sources into uniquec hannels and distribute information in a timely and efficient manner to users who need it. BackWeb 4.0 BackWeb Technologies BackWeb 4.0 main area of strength is its to pushchannels of information to a wide range of desktop users. In its simplest form BackWebis a set of tools designed to gather information from any source, Internet news feeds,internal users, the network file system, or customer surveys and broadcast it to the userswho need it. BackWeb uses push channel technology as the mechanism to deliveremergent information in any file format. The goal of the product is to turn availablesources into channels and disseminate information on a timely basis to users who need it,as opposed to storing information in a central repository for record keeping. BackWeb incorporates a hierarchical delivery system. User access is controlled bya group of managers and administrators. An administrator gathers channels for specificusers or workgroups and creates a prepackaged profile of channels fo r their use. Afterthis has been accomplished the administrator publishes these to the target users, creatinga program users execute on their local machines, although once installed, changes madeto the workgroup by the administrator are automatically reflected in each users clientsoftware. BackWeb comes with over 500 preconfigured channels including Interneton-line journals and news feeds. CONCLUSION In this age of service driven industries, a companies most vital resource, in additionto their employees, is the information they gather in an effort to do their job and in aneffort to make their companies successful. Once a company has located the requiredinformation, they need a way to pull it out of various information repositories. Once theyhave all the information in place, they need to have the ability to figure out how to retrieveall the knowledge and discover relationships among various information they havecollected. To get knowledge and not just data, managers need to employ so me sort ofknowledge management systems technology. This makes a knowledge managementsystem in invaluable tool for companies wishing to be competitive in this information age. WORK CITED ____, Knowledge Equals Power, InfoWorld, Vol 19, Issue 46, 17 Nov 97: 116-9 Jeff Angus, Knowledge Management: Great ConceptBut What is it, Issue 673, 16Mar 98: 58 Justin Hibbard, Knowing What We Know, Information Week, Issue 653, 20 Oct 97:46-9 Computers and Internet Essays

What is the relationship between happiness and meaning an Example of the Topic Psychology Essays by

What is the relationship between happiness and meaning It is important to have the virtue of wisdom primarily because it will lead one to a better path. I have better understanding of wisdom today because of the information I have learned form the past. Wisdom is the blessing that one have to grow as an individual. Many people are intelligent but being wise is a gift. One can learn many things from books, internet or from the experiences of other people but wisdom is the knowledge of an information and a better understanding to it. One becomes wiser and wiser from all the experiences that he has and from all the challenge that life throws him. It is becoming of an individual to get wiser through his journey in life. My understanding of wisdom grew wiser as the course progresses. Ones capacity to understanding things is evidence that one is also wiser of all the things that surrounds us. It is a challenge for a better discernment in life as one go to a process of learning and understanding. Thus, the wisdom one acquires from all his exper iences is one way for acquiring wisdom. The depth of my understanding of wisdom has indeed become wider as my knowledge also grew wider. It is important to gain knowledge on the things we study and from the things, we learn from other people. We get knowledgeable from others experiences and most especially from our own experiences. We gain wisdom from it and the ability to make good judgment. It is also important to use our wisdom in good use and as well as to share it to other people. The gift of wisdom enables us to have a perspective that leads us to a good discernment of good and bad. From time to time, we get the chance to learn many things, things that influence us in one way or another and that contributes to the development of out character and attitudes toward life. Probably, wisdom also defines the ability of an individual to handle situation that are new or difficult to handle. Life itself is offering us wisdom and it is our own ability to embrace it and treasure. I understand that wisdom is our shield to harsh reality of life and definitely, create a bridge of understanding from all things. Better judgment concludes to better understanding hence wisdom. Need essay sample on "What is the relationship between happiness and meaning" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Part II. In the same way that we acquire wisdom from our learnings is also the ability to acquire happiness and meaning. The relationship between happiness and meaning is their correlation to life. One becomes happy through his search of the meaning of life. One lifes has purpose and this purpose is the meaning of life. You become happy through your purpose or meaning of life. As said in Mans Search for Meaning by Viktor Frankl, we can discover the meaning of life in three different ways: by doing good deed, by experiencing a value, and by suffering. It is true then that we discover the meaning of life as we do good deeds for the people around us as we realize there value and importance. Our experience of value of our own self is our discovery to the meaning of our own life. If people treat us good, we then realize or value as a person. From another authors point of view of happiness, Aldous Huxley derives happiness from consuming mass-produced goods, sports such as obstacle golf and centrifugal bumble-puppy, promiscuous sex Thus, Huxley gave examples of other sources of happiness and finding meaning in life. There are individual or group of people who may find happiness in these material things. While Socrates view on happiness depends on one self as he has the choice to be evil or to be virtuous. In addition, Socrates correlates happiness to virtue for one can be happy by being virtuous as well. Socrates believes that wisdom is an important component of happiness. He believes that it is important t go through life reflectively as to understand the life that we are living and the life that we need to go through. It is also important that we discuss out virtue to other people as to remind us of the meaning of our life. An American philosopher, Henry David Thoreau was a poor man. His views about happiness and meaning of life are questionable because of his status in life as a poor man. Many would correlate happiness in how rich they become and Thoreau is one of the best example of happiness, for Thoreau lived his life as a poor man yet he knows what happiness is and what the meaning of life is. While Josef Pieper, a Thomist defends his view of happiness only to be found in contemplation. Among all the views, Socrates has explained well the meaning of happiness, how one will find happiness as well as to find the meaning of life. Being happy is also being contented of what you have. Material things is part of our life and many would relate their selves to material things however the true essence of happiness is in our own view of life and how we understand the meaning of it. Life may throw us hardships and difficulties but our beliefs and/or virtue will help us to find meaning in life. Socrates believed that in order to be happy one should be righteous. He also believes that one cannot be virtuous, if one is not wise. In that sense, we learn that in order to be happy, we should understand first our value as a person. We understand it through our discernment hence wisdom. As we go through life, we find also find the meaning of it and understand that happiness is found within us. Our acceptance of the things around us also helps us for better understanding to life and leads, us to happiness the each one of us needs. Material things are part of ones life bit it may not necessarily be the root of our happiness. Indeed, it is our own wisdom that we realize the connection of happiness to the meaning of life. Part III. Huxley views about happiness correlates with the material things. This I guess mislead our understanding to the real essence of happiness and might lead us to the conclusion that happiness is only found in the material things that we have. As the saying goes, money is the root of all evil things. Yes, we need things in order to survive in life but it should not be a basis or the only basis of our happiness. Happiness can also be found from the people around us and from all the experiences that we had and will have eventually. Temptation is just around the corner, our wisdom will help us get through this temptation, and the virtues that we have will lead us to understanding of happiness. My perception of happiness is that an individual should reflect on his life and all the things around us. Simple things leads to greater things and as we realize the value of simple things, we being to understand the value of life and our own life. It is important to appreciate the things around us the favors the people do for us for it will give us the judgment of how wonderful life can be if we are righteous and wise. We relate happiness and meaning differently depending on our understanding but our own life will help us understand that happiness is found in the meaning of our own life. As we search for our meaning, we also pass the road to happiness and appreciation of life. We go through lifes journey for happiness and for our purpose and meaning. References Beebe, J. R. (2003). Socrates on Prozac and Happiness. Huxley, A. (1932). Brand New World. Penguin Modern Classics. Frankl, V. E., (1946). Man search for meaning. Washington Press Square.

Role of the State Essays

Role of the State Essays Role of the State Essay Role of the State Essay This paper is being submitted on August 22, 2013 Role of the State Plato’s thought represents an essential aspect of Modern Europe’s classical heritage. His complex and changing notions of identity and difference, his views of the connection between body and soul, passion and reason, and his own varying assessment of the theory of Forms, as refracted through Aristotle’s critique of all these concepts, have laid the groundwork of Western logic, metaphysics and political theory until modern times.Yet, in assessing what modern European owes to its classical heritage, we need to confront the fact that Plato and Aristotle stood opposed to both the major philosophical and political tendencies of modern liberalism and the more recent theoretical attempts such as deconstruction, Marxism and Feminism to undermine those liberal beliefs. The positions of Plato and Aristotle on nearly all of these issues are concentrated in their respective critiques of democracy.Both Plato and Aristotle based their theories on four widely accepted beliefs of the time; knowledge must be of what is real, the world experienced via the senses is what is real, knowledge must be of what is fixed and unchanging, the world experienced via the senses is not fixed and unchanging. These points led to a skeptic point of view which both philosophers wished to target as both agreed knowledge is possible. In order to overcome this contradiction in the argument it became necessary that each philosopher choose a point to disregard and prove to be unnecessary.Plato chose to reject the claim that the world experienced through the senses is what is real; while Aristotle rejected the claim that knowledge must be of what is fixed and unchanging. This presented problems to be overcome by each philosopher: Plato had to give an account of where knowledge could be found while Aristotle had to account for how to have knowledge of that which is undergoing change. This is what leads to the philosophers’ overwhelming differences (Comparison between Plato and Aristotle; Similarities andDifferences, 2013). If Plato was pre-eminently a radical-thinker, Aristotle was decidedly conservative in his political speculation. While Plato is a deductive thinker, Aristotle follows the inductive method. This is clear if we compare the methods of the two. Plato started with abstract notions of justice and virtue and on the basis of this setup an ideal state. Aristotle reasoned inductively by comparing the working institutions of a large number of city-states actually existing in his own time.The intellectual make-up and reasoning, process of the two was different. Plato proceeded from the Universal or the Ideal to the particular, while Aristotle’s process was from the particular and concrete to the universal, Plato believed that reality laid in the ideal i. e. the idea of a thing while Aristotle held that it lay in the concrete manifestation of a thing. Aristotle regarded himself more as an organizer of already-existing knowledge than as a profounder of new philosophy.The reasoning of Aristotle is less imaginative and more logical and scientific than that of Plato and his speculations and judgments are sounder than those of his master. With him, ethics and politics are not so inextricably intertwined as with Plato. If Plato subordinated politics to ethics, Aristotle gave the pride of place to politics. I believe it safe to say that practical political philosophy in the West began with Aristotle. While Plato aimed at the ideal, Aristotle’s objective was not the ideally best but the best attainable.By his keen and practical political insight and systematic treatment of the subject Aristotle laid the foundations of real political science Politics, with him, assumed the character of an independent science. Plato also combined the ethical and the political but Aristotle gave pride of place to the political. He was more individualistic than Plato as Plato dealt with both ethics and politics in one treatise, and Aristotle dealt with the two in two separate treatises i. . the Politics and the Ethics. The Politics of Aristotle still remains one of the greatest classics on political science because it contains much of universal validity.

Iran's Societal Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Iran's Societal Assessment - Essay Example Iran was a conglomerate of sundry semi-autonomous regions, tribes and classes which were weakly maintained together by the dynasty who depended upon tribal allegiances as well as military power to continue and uphold their rule. In the 20th century, collective denominators have been arranged and supported by the state in an endeavor at creating a modern national Iranian identity for all inhabitants, notwithstanding language, religion or culture. This was to be founded on a secular nation-state, a centralized national government governing over a well-designed territory, pride and honor in Iran’s pre-historic history, its culture and Farsi (Persian) enacted by the state as the official language are some of the unifying tools that the state of Iran is using to control its masses and which this paper will cover. Iran has predominantly used Islam as an instrument to create, foster and maintain national cohesion. More specifically, the Islam religion has been sanctified by the state and enshrined in the constitution. This has been safeguarded and any criticism is suppressed (Hiro, 2001, pg. 243). Islam has provided an extremely ‘inclusive’ identity which has overflowed its national boundaries into the broad concept of the ummat, the community of Islam beyond Iran, a sort of religio-imperialism which has united Iranians. A common culture, rather than any strong feeling of national unity binds the Iranians together. It is the culture that lends unity and the apex of its expression is found in poetry. The architectural beauty and fame of the blue-domed mosques, the workmanship, design and color of Persian carpets- all these are considered important expressions of a common and glorious heritage and have cemented the unity of Iran as it gives them a sense of common history. In light of this, the state has recognized the importance of culture to its citizenry and consequently promoted it to encourage national cohesion and

Importance of teams Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Importance of teams - Essay Example The following section will focus on importance of teamwork in other sectors like aviation, auto racing and military and the lessons that healthcare industry can learn. Teamwork is extremely important for any sector that is highly reliant on human performance. In a team two aspects are equally important – taskwork and teamwork. While the former means the skills needed by the members to execute their tasks, the latter means the approach needed by the members to complete the tasks. In aviation, both of these are required. The importance of effective task performance by crew members in the cockpit cannot be denied. At the same time, there should be strong teamwork for harmonization and communication between the crew members. Records have shown that 68 percent of air mishaps occur due to poor coordination between aircrew (Salas & Maurino, 2010, p.254). According to Salas et al. (2005) there are five requirements for a team’s efficiency. First, strong leadership since it is through a team leader’s guidance the members can perform in a coordinated manner. Second, members need to monitor the activities of each other to keep track of e rrors or lapses to ensure perfection in overall performance. Third, backup behavior like members with less work load should share the burden of those who have excessive work load. Fourth, adaptability which means members should be able to adjust their work in case of unexpected difficulties. Fifth, team orientation indicates that each person should have compatible approach to work with other individuals. All the five elements are required in aviation in order to handle any emergency situation in the cockpit. In auto racing, teamwork between pit crew and race is considered as exemplary. The process underlying auto racing itself requires high level of team work, and it is said that no other industry promotes teamwork as

The Subjects Of Truth And Deception Philosophy Essay

The Subjects Of Truth And Deception Philosophy Essay The subjects of truth and deception are things that concerns everyone in the world, also it something everyone wants to find out. The search for the truth is basically what life revolves around, whether it is finding out the truth about yourself (e.g. your personality), in science or perhaps of other people; the truth is something everyone wants to know. My experience is that the truth is hard to find, for example when in an argument with people the truth always lays midways. There are no absolute distinctions between what is true and what is false. To answer this question it is important to know what truth and deception means, also this question is difficult to answer because the truth about this is hard to find as well. There are a lot of different opinions on this matter to distinguish truth from deception. The complexity of this simple claim can be easily underestimated due to its simple nature, however to completely understand the true complexity of the statement would require t horough analysis of its meaning and an understanding of the process that we go through in order to obtain knowledge. Definitions of truth can only be interpreted so far, however an understanding of how knowledge in acquired through the ways of knowing in each of the areas of knowing can provide further insight into the certainty of the claim. This essay will revolve around the statement that it is impossible to absolutely distinguish truth from deception; it seems that there is a thin line between what is true and what is false. à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"To say something which is that it is not, or to say something which is not that it is, is false. However, to say something which is not that is not, is trueà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ Ã‚  [1]  . However, true and false, in many cases, does not seem to be a simple black and white matter, that is to say, there could sometimes be no causes for which we can decide what is true and what is false. As truth is an necessary part of knowledge, we have to distinguishing between what is true and what is false constantly through our learning process and our pursuit of knowledge, and whether we are aware of it or not, the distinctions between what is true and what is false, to a certain extent, shape and form the way we think and should therefore be considered of great importance. This idea of there being an absolute truth or also known as universal truth has been debated for centuries. For example Pluto believe believed that absolute truth existed, but that truth on e arth was merely a shadow of great forms of absolute truth existing in the universe. Yet many believe in relative truth, which means that something is true depending on the circumstances. Many factors such as reason, perception, emotion, the area from which this truth is coming determine if something is true or not. If one has a look at perception for example, there are many theories of approaching perception which vary strongly what we perceive and therefore take as true. Through religion it becomes very clear that what one perceives as the truth, is not accepted by others. Christians, for example, see God and his creation as the truth, but atheist would argue that there is no actual proof for this and therefore they do not perceive it as true. This clearly shows as well that truth is also something based on opinions and beliefs combined with proof. Everyone in the world has a different perception of the world, and therefore has different beliefs and thus has a different conception of what the truth and falsehood conveys. But it is also shown through science, Newton introduced the law of gravity to the world which is believed as the truth by many but is it actually the absolute truth? This is something which can be questioned because of course we know that when we drop a pencil it will touch the ground eventually, but does that proof gravity immediately? Does that really show the absolute truth of Newtonà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s gravitationa l law? This is not shown clearly. The claim that there is no absolute distinction between what is true and what is false is correct if it goes as far as absolute truth, there is no such thing as absolute truth. It should be kept in mind that truth is relative and that because of peopleà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s interpretation of the world; the truth is perceived differently per person. What might be the truth to one person, could also be false to another. There is a thin line between truth and falsehood which differs per person which is very complex and causes for a lot of dilemmas and troubles in the world.

Biography of a Homeless Man Essay -- essays research papers

I hear them get closer and closer as the porch creaks every step to the door. My heart feels like its pounding through my chest, and sweat is pouring off my face as I sprint in a panic. I hear the key turning and the door opening just as I jump out the window.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I’ve been staying in that house for over a week now. It’s for sale and real estate agents come by every few days to show it. I’m a light sleeper and I’ve been able to slip out before anyone can see I’ve been staying there. I have no where to go except the street, mission centers, and buildings I break into.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I make my way to the mission center about 6 miles away. My feet ache and my stomach hurts from what little food I’ve had to start the day. I panhandled for about an hour making enough money to last a few days. I arrive at the mission just in time before they quite serving breakfast. The smell of sausage makes my stomach squirm with desire. I inhale the biscuits and gravy they have served me and wish for more. I don’t bother asking for more because I know there answer is no.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I make my way down the road to McDonalds because my stomach still aches from the lack of food lately. Luckily I made over ten dollars panhandling by a freeway entrance for about an hour. I also use their bathroom to wash my face and clean my self up somewhat.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I’m a rare homeless man in the fact that most of my peers are addicts. I choose not to involve my self in that scene. I can’t afford a place to sleep, so...

Nuclear Battery

The short and unpredictable nature of the conventional chemical batteries, along with the frequent replacements that they require, has created an acute need for a reliable, longer-lasting and rugged source of energy. Moreover Radars, spacecrafts, interstellar probes and other advanced communication devices require much larger power than that can be met by conventional energy sources. The solution to long term energy source is the nuclear powered batteries which have a life span of few decades and can pack in energy densities thousands of time greater than conventional battery sources.Hence, there is an urgent need to harvest enormous amount of energy released naturally by the tiny bits of radioactive material. Unlike conventional nuclear power generating devices, these batteries do not rely on the fission or fusion reactions and do not generate any radioactive material as by-product. They promise clean, safe, reliable and almost endless energy without any drop in its yield or efficie ncy during its entire life span-which runs up to minimum of 10 years. They are generally used as power sources in unmanned and unmaintained locations requiring energy for longer durations.Nuclear batteries are not only going to replace conventional batteries, chargers and adapters but also present innovative means of powering portable devices. The nuclear battery technology is geared up to make way into commonly used day to day product like cell phones, laptops, automobiles etc. Surely it is battery of future. INTRODUCTION In this day and age of miniaturization the size of electronic circuitry has been diminishing at a astonishingly dizzying pace but the batteries that power these devices are not keeping up with them.The world of tomorrow that the technology manifests will be a very small one and we will need smaller batteries to power it !! Be it our personal laptops or cell phones, batteries still occupy a significant portion of the volume. The reason being the batteries are still nothing more than cans of chemicals like they were two centuries ago. They have not undergone any significant change in their functionality since Italian physicist Alexandaro Volta demonstrated flow of lectric current between two conductors by alternating discs of zinc and copper with pieces of cardboard soaked in brine. Many systems ideally (especially those in remote locations) have to operate for long periods, and it is not always feasible to recharge or replace their batteries. Now, with technology ushering in new era of miniaturization where MEMS (Micro Electrical Mechanical System) are gaining widespread popularity and are increasingly being used for a multitude of applications, they lack a durable onboard power supply. Batteries are at a critical juncture here!!MEMS are finding increasing applications in everything from sensors in car that trigger an alarm to injectible drug delivery system to environment monitoring ‘Smart Dust’ but they lack a long lasting on-d evice power source. To work around this power block, researchers have found an intriguing way: by harvesting the huge amount of energy released by radioactive material. Although several sources of energy could be used to supply this needed power (solid, fossil fuel) by these MEMS based systems but nuclear batteries are fast becoming a popular option in terms of power density and lifetime.For example A tiny speck of radioisotope like nickel-63 can generate enough energy to power these MEMS for decades. These nuclear micro batteries have energy at densities at thousand times greater than the Lithium ion batteries. So with these miniature machines really hitting their stride, we’ll need smaller, reliable and longer lasting battery sources! To clear the common misconception, nuclear power sources are not miniature nuclear reactors and they do not involve any fission or fusion reactions.In these power sources we use specific isotopes which emit particles that are blocked by the la yer of dead skin that covers our bodies. They penetrate no more than 25 micrometers in most solids or liquids, so in a battery they could safely be contained by a simple plastic package! TechnologyEnergy Density (milliwatt-hour /milligram) Lithium ion in a chemical battery0. 3 Methanol in a fuel cell3 Tritium in a nuclear battery850 Polonium-210 in a nuclear battery57 000 Energy Content in Different Type of Batteries IT IS A STAGGERINGLY SMALL WORLD THAT IS BELOW,† Said physicist Richard P. Feynman in his visionary talk to the American Physical Society, when he envisioned the fabrication of micro- and nano devices and declared that one day the entire Encyclopaedia Britannica could be written on the head of a pin. Feynman’s vision has finally begun to manifest, thanks to ever more sophisticated microelectronics. Micro and nano scale machines are ushering a multibillion-dollar market as they are being incorporated in virtually every electronic devices.Among the trendsetti ng applications in this development are ultra dense memories capable of storing hundreds of gigabytes in a fingernail-size device, micromirrors for enhanced display and optical communications equipment, and highly selective RF filters to reduce cell phones size and improve the quality of calls. But, again, at very small scales, chemical batteries can’t provide enough power for these micro machines. As the size of such a battery is reduced, the amount of stored energy goes down exponentially.Reduction in each side of a cubic battery by a factor of 10 as the volume is reduced —and therefore the energy that can be stored— reduces by a factor of 1000. In fact, the sensors today which are no larger than a speck of dust require batteries which are as large as a shirt button!!!!! COMPARISION WITH OTHER WELL KNOWN ENERGY SOURCES FOR NANO DEVICES In a bid to power these nano devices, researchers are turning away from conventional fuels like hydrogen and hydrocarbons (pro pane, methane, gasoline and diesel) and are meddling with micro fuels that consume hydrogen to generate power like other conventional fuels.Many are also developing on- board combustion engines that consume hydrogen to generate energy much like an average automobile. But these approaches are facing many hurdles. The primary road block is relatively low energy densities of these mechanisms and other being the continuous need to supply the fuel and eliminate the by-products formed . In case of other liquid fuels the major challenge is to develop a packaging that will contain sufficient liquid fuel to power these devices and which can be scaled down to micro and nano sizes at the same time.The nuclear batteries that are being developed won’t require any refilling or recharging. and will last as long as the half-life of the radioactive source. And even though their efficiency in converting nuclear to electrical energy isn’t high—about 4 percent—the extremely high energy density of the radioactive materials makes it possible for these micro batteries to produce relatively significant amounts of power. For example, with 10 milligrams of polonium-210 (contained in about 1 cubic millimeter), a nuclear powered battery could produce 50 milliwatts of electric power for more than four months.With that level of power, it would be possible to run a simple microprocessor and a handful of sensors for four continuous months. Specific Power Density Of Leading Power Isotopes KEY ELEMENTS OF THE TECHNOLOGY Why not conventional Gamma Emitters The first lesson to be learned here is: What are Radioisotopes Radioisotopes are basically unstable atoms that spontaneously emit high-energy particles as they decay to a more stable state. Most radioisotopes emit Gamma rays (which are essentially high-energy X-rays that can penetrate most materials including human flesh).But radioisotopes used in nuclear battery emit Alpha particles (an aggregate of two protons an d two neutrons) and Beta particles (high-energy electrons) that can’t penetrate as deeply and therefore pose less risk. Another reason why Gamma Emitters are not considered for development of the nuclear battery is that they would require sufficient amount of shielding. The Alpha Emitters, on the other hand, have an advantage due to the short range of the Alpha particles. This short range allows increased efficiency and thus provides more design flexibility, assuming that a sufficient activity can be achieved.The half life of the isotopes must be high enough so that the useful life of the battery is sufficient for typical applications, and low enough to provide sufficient activity. In addition, the new isotope resulting after decay should be stable, or it should decay without emitting Gamma radiation. The nuclear powered batteries that are being developed contain1 to 10 millicuries of nickel-63 or tritium, whose beta particles have relatively low energy and can be blocked by a layer of 25 to 100 micrometers of plastic, metal, or semiconductor (they are even blocked by the thin dead-skin layer covering our bodies. ) ISOTOPERADIATION TYPEHALF LIFE Yr)MAX. ENERGY (keV)AVERAGE ENERGY H-3Beta12. 3 y18. 65. 7 Ni-63Beta100. 2 y66. 917. 4 Po-210Alpha138. 8 y530. 43- Commonly Used Isotopes NUCLEAR BATTERIES WHICH ARE CURRENTLY USED JUNCTION TYPE BATTERY This type of battery is very useful for long term applications in devices like space crafts,battle field sensors and nanoelectric sensors.. The device basically consists of a small quantity of Nickel-63 placed near an ordinary silicon p-n junction( hence the name)—a diode, basically. As the Nickel-63 decays it emits beta particles, which are high-energy electrons that spontaneously fly out of the radioisotope’s unstable nucleus.The emitted beta particles ionizes the diode’s atoms, creating paired electrons and holes that diffuse away from each other at the p-n junction. These separated electr ons and holes travel away from the junction, thereby producing the current. Why Ni-63 is used in Junction Battery? Nickel-63 is ideal for this application because its emitted beta particles travel a maximum of 21 ? m in silicon before disintegrating; if the particles had more energy, they would travel longer distances, thus escaping the battery. This battery has a capacity of producing about 3 nanowatts, using 0. millicurie of Nickel-63 , power which is more than sufficient for nano devices. LATEST DEVELOPMENTS CANTILEVER BATTERIES These new types of batteries generate more power than a typical junction battery. These devices operate like generators where the radioactive energy is first converted into mechanical energy and then into pulses of electrical energy. Even though these devices involve an intermediate phase,their efficiency remain unaffected- if anything they actually tap the kinetic energy of the emitted particles for conversion into mechanical energy and hence provide a m ore continous flow of energy than conventional junction battery.Figure 5 Beta particles move from radioactive source and accumulate at Copper plate leading to electrostatic force of attraction Why Thin Film RadioIsotope is used in Cantilever Batteries? This device primarily uses a thin film of radioisotope. On top of this film, a small rectangular piece of silicon is cantilevered, its free end able to move up and down. As the electrons move away from the radioactive source, they travel through the air gap and hit the cantilever, charging it negatively. The source, which is positively charged, then attracts the cantilever, bending it down .This mechanical energy is converted instantaneously into electrical energy. SELF RECIPROCATING SiN BATTERIES These batteries use low stress thin film of SiN. In this device a Wheatstone bridge is formed using four resistors. The purpose of using Wheatstone bridge is to measure the deflections. The output from a Wheatstone bridge is sent to an opera tional amplifier and the amplified signal is measured. A self-timed reciprocating movement is obtained between the film of radioisotope and the cantilever arm.As compared to a conventional thin film cantilevers they offer better efficiency as the RF signal conversion from mechanical signal is more streamlined and compact. OPTOEELCTRONIC BATTERIES An optoelectronic nuclear battery has been developed by the researchers of Kurchatov Institute of Moscow. The Beta emitter would power an excimer mixture ( argon and xenon) which would produce light to excite a photocell. The primary advantage of this battery is that precision electrodes are not required and most electrons contribute to battery’s power output. NANONUCLEAR BATTERIESAny with technology â€Å"nano† suffixed ushers in a debate. A generally accepted criterion for labelling nanotechnology given by Mihail C. Roco( Ph. D. , a National Science Foundation Chair on the Nanoscale Science Engineering and Technology Subcomm ittee (NSEC) of the National Science and Technology Committee (NSTC)) states â€Å"one dimension of about one to 100 nanometers, designed through a process that exhibits fundamental control over the physical and chemical attributes of molecular-scale structures, and the ability to combine to form larger structures. †These technologies for the nano- nuclear battery have same operational and structural micro nuclear battery except it’s done on a nano level. These batteries have better efficiencies as compared to micro-nuclear batteries and the path for the research of nuclear battery ends at such nano powered devices. CURRENT PLAYERS NASA GLENN RESEARCH CENTRE, CLEAVELAND The scientists at the Glenn Research Centre are working in collaboration with the researchers at RIT on a project to develop alpha voltaic batteries for miniature military devices for US Army with sensing and communication capabilities.This project will be of three years duration and will focus on use o f a radioisotope Americium, which is used in smoke detector, along with handful of semiconductor devices to convert alpha energy into usable electricity. The project will conclude with full manufacture of device and plans for commercial manufacture. ROCHESTER INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH LABORATORY, NEWYORK A team of researchers at RIT led by Ryne Rafelle, Head of physics and Microsystems have obtained funds ranging around $1. 2 million dollars from DARPA (Defence Advanced Project Research Agency) to develop nuclear power supplies for military use.The researchers are planning on using an innovative nanomaterial (quantum dots) to protect the semiconductor used inside the battery from radiation damage. This will make the battery not only safer but also increase its life to unprecedented levels. KUSHATOV INSTITUTE, MOSCOW The technology for Optoelectric nuclear batteries was developed by a team of researchers at Kuchatov Institute. In a revolutionary development, they used Radioiso tope Strontium-90 and Technetium-99 as beta emitters suspended in gas or liquid which permits nearly lossless transmission of beta energy. PRIVATE PLAYERS (QYNERGY CORPORATION, ALPLA V INC. WIDETRONIX ETC. ) These are leading private players company harvesting nuclear energy for the purpose of providing cutting edge energy and power solution that are not provided by current battery and storage system. Using their proprietary technologies they have developed high density power cell using the energy generated by radioisotopes. ECONOMIC POTENTIAL SPACE APPLICATIONS- SATELLITE AND INTERSTELLAR PROBE Radio isotropic Thermoelectric Generator(RTGs) are nuclear batteries which consists of stacks of thermocouples which convert the thermal energy obtained from the decay of radioisotope into usable electrical energy.They have emerged as the most popular power sources for the unmanned and unmaintained locations requiring power less than few hundred watts for durations which are too long for con ventional fuel cells and where solar panels are not feasible. RTGs are used as power sources in the satellites, space probe vehicles by NASA and in various unmanned remote locations, like a series of lighthouses built by the USSR in the Arctic Circle. Systems for Nuclear Auxiliary Power (SNAP) units which comprise of handful of RTGs are used especially for probes that travel far enough from the Sun that solar panels are no longer viable.Pioneer 10, Pioneer 11, Voyager 1, Galileo, Ulysses, Cassini and New Horizons used RTGs to meet their power requirements. Also, RTGs were used to power the two Viking landers and for the scientific experiments left on the Moon by the crews of Apollo 12. RTG also used on interstellar precursor missions and interstellar probes. One such example is the Innovative Interstellar Explorer (2003-current) proposal from NASA which will be using RTG Am-241 This could support mission extensions up to 1000 years. UNDERSEA APPLICATIONS- DEEP SEA SENSORSThe recent tsunami, earthquake and other under water phenomena have increased the demand for underwater sensors which can withstand such extreme conditions. These sensors are integrated with nuclear batteries which can work for longer durations in inaccessible places under crude situations. MEDICAL APPLICATIONS- NUCLEAR PACEMAKERS In early days, pacemakers used were powered with mercury and zinc batteries which could run for three years. Most often however, such mercury battery would fail in 20 months requiring the patient to undergo another implant for the replacement of the device.Nuclear Batteries are used extensively in the pacing industry to prolong the longevity of the implanted device. Pacemakers, implanted with nuclear batteries, offer young patients the chance to go through their entire lifetime with just a single implant. MOBILE DEVICES- CELLPHONES & LAPTOPS Xcell-N is a nuclear powered laptop battery that provides between seven and eight thousand times battery life as compared to a normal laptop battery- thus any laptop can be kept on for five continous years without having to charge it.Xcell- N is in continuous working state since the past eight months and neither has been turned off nor has been plugged into electrical power. Most cell phones use RF filters for frequency selection which occupy a large part of the volume. Researchers are currently developing MEMS based RF filters which provides not only better frequency selectivity (thus better quality of calls) but also reduced sizes. These MEMS filters, however, may require relatively high dc voltages, and drawing it from the main battery would require complicate electronics.Instead, a nuclear powered battery designed to generate the required voltage—in the range of 10 to 100 volts—could be used to juice up the filter directly and more efficiently. AUTOMOBILES Although it is in initial stages of development but it is expected that nuclear powered batteries will soon replace the weary chemical batteries. This implies that running short of fuel or time will be things of past. Fox Valley Auto Electric Association has already started working on the ways to implement this. CHALLENGESThough there are many merits the nuclear battery there are few challenges too, which needs to be overcome to make it realty, in the immediate future. SAFETY Since nuclear powered batteries involve the use of small amounts of radiation and radioactive materials, it is necessary that they must comply with current Radiation Protection Standards which are based on the Linear Non-Threshold model (LNT) . This model assumes that any amount of radiation exposure, no matter how small, will have a detrimental effect on health.The external dose associated with the radioisotopes used in these batteries is zero, because an alpha particle needs to have an energy of more than 7. 5 MeV to penetrate the protective layer of the skin (0. 07 mm think), and a ? particle needs to have an energy of more than 70 keV. Sin ce radio isotopes in nuclear batteries have energies lower than these they are unable to penetrate the skin. INHALATION INGESTION DOSE LIMIT [mrem/d]44. 575. 479 Dose Equivalent [mrem/d]No. of batteries to be inhaled to reach the limitDose Equivalent [mrem/d]No. of batteries to be swallowed to reach the limit H32. 418. 0346158 Ni645. 697. 081367Radiation Levels After Ingestion or Inhalation Of 5 µCi of Ni or H Nuclear Battery In fact, radioisotopes have been used for decades in commercial applications. Many smoke detectors contain 1 to 5 microcuries of Americium-241, used to ionize the air between a pair of parallel plates. And some emergency exit signs in public buildings, schools, and auditoriums that have to remain visible during power outages contain 8 to 10 curies of tritium, whose emitted electrons excite phosphor atoms, illuminating the sign. The amount of radioactive material in the nuclear batteries falls between that in a smoke detector and in an exit sign.And for whatev er amount, any commercial application of such nuclear powered batteries will have to comply with all the established safety measures (including design of safe packaging) and follow regulations about handling and disposing of the device. COST As it is the case with the most ground breaking technology , the initial cost of production is quite high. But as the product goes for mass production the cost goes down. The major challenge lies in finding sources of inexpensive radioisotopes that can be efficiently integrated into the electronic devices.For example 1 millicurie of Ni-63 costs around $25. But the researchers have come up with a potentially cheaper alternative tritium which is produced by some nuclear reactors as a by product and costs few cents( for 1 millicurie). WASTE DISPOSAL The environmental impact of disposing of the nuclear devices once their useful life has ended, as well as the associated costs are minimal. Since after three half-lives the activity of the isotope decay s to about 10% of the original activity, the nuclear powered batteries would be below background radiation level by that time. SOCIAL ACCEPTANCEThe nuclear technology has lost its credibility as the world has seen enough nuclear disasters. Thus acceptance for the nuclear technology will be very hard to come by. However the immense potential of this technology will soon overpower this initial resistance. CONCLUSION & WAY FORWARD Clearly the current state of research is making it harder to deny that chemical batteries will be replaced by nuclear powered batteries- and soon. Nuclear Batteries present a logical solution to the burgeoning need for a safe, reliable, compact, lightweight, longer lasting and self contained power supply.They not only protect our declining natural resources but also serve to make our traditional energy sources redundant. As the energy associated with the radioactive materials is much more than the conventional sources and by far the highest without any waste generation, the world can be transformed into a new one without green houses gases and its associated risks. Scientists have overcome a major stumbling block to make mass production of these batteries a viable and hugely profitable option. The system we have developed is mechanically simple, potentially leading to more compact, more reliable and less expensive systems. This was an attempt at something that seemed viable. â€Å", said Mark Prelas , Director of Research at University of Wisconsin’s Nuclear Science and Engineering Institute. Recent breakthroughs, at University of Missouri where the researchers have developed a economically feasible energy conversion system that uses safe isotopes to generate high-grade energy, only prove that these MEMS Marvels are going to be very successful in near future.Success of few similar small projects will give sufficient learning to make this technology big very soon. REFERENCES 1. â€Å"Nuclear and Radiochemistry† , Gerhardt Friedlander and Joseph W. Kennedy 2. Technolyreview. com 3. Powerpaper. com 4. http://ieeexplore. ieee. org/stamp/stamp. jsp? arnumber=01330808 5. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Atomic_battery 6. http://www. physorg. com/news174139641. html 7. http://www. scribd. com/doc/8929973/Nuclear-Battery

Linguistic Typology

Linguistic Typology is the analysis, comparison, and classification of languages according to their common structural features and forms. This is also called cross-linguistic typology.   The branch of linguistics that studies the structural similarities between languages, regardless of their history, as part of an attempt to establish a satisfactory classification, or typology, of languages is known as typological linguistics (Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics, 2008). Examples   Typology is the study of linguistic systems and recurring patterns of linguistic systems. Universals are typological generalizations based on these recurring patterns.Linguistic typology took off in its modern form with the ground-breaking research of Joseph Greenberg, such as, for example, his seminal paper on a cross-linguistic survey of word order leading to a series of implicational universals (Greenberg 1963). . . . Greenberg also attempted to establish methods for quantifying typological studies, in order that linguistic typology could meet scientific standards (cf. Greenberg 1960 [1954]). Furthermore, Greenberg re-introduced the importance of studying the ways languages change, but with the emphasis that language changes give us possible explanations for language universals (cf., for example, Greenberg 1978).Since Greenbergs pioneering efforts linguistic typology has grown exponentially and is, as any science, continuously being enhanced and redefined as to methods and approac hes. The last few decades have seen the compilation of large-scale databases with the help of ever more refined technology, which have led to new insights as well as given rise to new methodological issues.(Viveka Velupillai, An Introduction to Linguistic Typology. John Benjamins, 2013) Tasks of Linguistic Typology Among the tasks of general linguistic typology we include . . . a) the classification of languages, i.e., the construction of a system to order natural languages on the basis of their overall similarity; b) the discovery of the mechanism of construction of languages, i.e., the construction of a system of relationships, a network by means of which not only the obvious, categorial mechanisms of language can be read but also the latent ones.(G. Altmann and W. Lehfeldt, Allgemeinge Sprachtypologie: Prinzipien und Messverfahren, 1973; quoted by Paolo Ramat in Linguistic Typology. Walter de Gruyter, 1987) Fruitful Typological Classifications: Word Order In principle, we might pick on any structural feature and use it as the basis of classification. For example, we could divide languages into those in which the word for a canine animal is [dog] and those in which it isnt. (The first group here would contain exactly two known languages: English and the Australian language Mbabaram.) But such a classification would be pointless since it wouldnt lead anywhere.The only typological classifications which are of interest are those which are fruitful. By this, we mean that the languages in each category should turn out to have other features in common, features which are not used to set up the classification in the first place.[The most celebrated and fruitful of all typological classifications has proved to be one in terms of basic word order. Proposed by Joseph Greenberg in 1963 and more recently developed by John Hawkins and others, word-order typology has revealed a number of striking and previously unsuspected correlations. For example, a language with SOV [Subject, Object, Verb] order is highly likely to have modifiers that precede their head nouns, auxiliaries that follow their main verbs, postpositions instead of prepositions, and a rich case system for nouns. A VSO [Verb, Subject, Object] language, in contrast, usually has modifiers that follow their nouns, auxiliaries that precede their verbs, prepositions, and no cases.(R.L. Trask, Language, and Linguistics: The Key Concepts, 2nd ed., edited by Peter Stockwell. Routledge, 2007) Typology and Universals [T]ypology and universals research are intimately related: if we have a set of significant parameters whose values none the less show a high degree of correlation, then the network of relations among these parameter values can equally be expressed in the form of a network of implicational universals (absolute or tendencies).Clearly, the more widespread the net of logically independent parameters that can be linked in this way, the more significant is the typological base being used.(Bernard Comrie, Language Universals, and Linguistic Typology: Syntax and Morphology, 2nd ed. The University of Chicago Press, 1989) Typology and Dialectology There is evidence from linguistic varieties around the world, including Greek dialects, to suggest that the distribution of structural characteristics over the worlds languages may not be entirely random from a sociolinguistic point of view. For example, we have seen indications that long-term contact involving child bi-lingualism may lead to increased complexity, including redundancy. Conversely, contact involving adult second language acquisition may lead to increased simplification. Furthermore, communities with dense, tightly-knit social networks may be more likely to demonstrate fast-speech phenomena and the consequences of this, and more likely to experience unusual sound changes. I would like to suggest, moreover, that insights of this type can complement research in linguistic typology by giving an explanatory edge to the findings of this discipline. And I would also suggest that these insights should give some sense of urgency to typological research: if it is true that cert ain types of linguistic structure are to be found more frequently, or possibly only, in dialects spoken in smaller and more isolated communities, then we had better research these types of communities as rapidly as we can while they still exist. Source Peter Trudgill, The Impact of Language Contact and Social Structure. Dialectology Meets Typology: Dialect Grammar From a Cross-linguistic Perspective, ed. by Bernd Kortmann. Walter de Gruyter, 2004